We review the reasonableness of a defendant's sentence for abuse of discretion. 1555. S. Robin Shoemaker, Special Agent in Charge of the Detroit Field Division of ATF said, Countering firearms violence, particularly when it relates to violent street gangs remains one of ATFs primary missions, when it comes to gun violence ATF will continue to work hand in hand with our Detroit One partners to ensure that those individuals who engage in violent criminal activity are removed from our neighborhoods. The firearm charge carries a mandatory minimum sentence of ten years in prison. Id. "Gang members should take note that these recent cases demonstrate that the Detroit One strategy is permitting us to address gang violence with swift action and strong penalties. Myles testified that he didn't know Carr and that Martin didn't explain why he wanted Carr killed. 2015). United States v. Sykes, No. The special agent answered that individuals sometimes had their own goals in mind. The name was changed to Cherry Hospital in 1959 in honor of Governor Gregg Cherry. The site was described by Governor Z. All four victims suffered gunshot wounds, but are recovering. Bay City, MI 48708, Detroit: From the Vice Lords, to Gangster Disciples, to the Four Corner Hustlers, to the New Breeds and the Black Souls, the West Side might not have received the recognition from the media as the South Side, but within the streets of the Chicago ghetto there is little difference between either side as this section of the city is the birthplace of numerous Chicago gangs. After the murder, he boasted about ordering it to his fellow gang members and sheltered the murderer.. North Carolina. October 31, 2011 at 1:58 pm EDT. Also, on January 13, 2015, Christopher Tibbs, a.k.a. (internal quotation marks omitted). Socha v. Richardson, 874 F.3d 983, 989 (7th Cir. All three defendants appeal that ruling. The growth of the Black P. Stones also led to spinoff gangs, like the Titanic Stones, Maniac Stones, or Mickey Cobras. On Tuesday, January 26, 2016, Kirshean Nelson, 19, of Detroit, pleaded guilty to one count of RICO conspiracy. And because the district court did not rely on Hoskins's statement in finding Martin guilty, Martin's secondary argument that Hoskins's statement was unreliable similarly goes nowhere. Fax: (313) 226-2311, Flint: The charges relating to the May 7, 2015, shooting of the four family members are one component of the federal governments prosecution of the Vice Lords street gang, which has led to the arrests and convictions of Vice Lords leaders and members over several years. 2011), and we review a district court's finding regarding relevant conduct for clear error, United States v. Salem, 597 F.3d 877, 884 (7th Cir. 2017). 210 Federal Building But Bucklo said it was clear Hoskins led a violent and murderous West Side drug conspiracy, and he made the decision to do so at age 42 when he returned to Chicago from Las Vegas. The announcement was made by U.S. Attorney Barbara L. McQuade of the Eastern District of Michigan, Assistant Attorney General Leslie R. Caldwell of the Justice Departments Criminal Division, Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan, Special Agent in Charge Robin Shoemaker of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Detroit Field Division, Special Agent in Charge David P. Gelios of the FBIs Detroit Division and Chief James Craig of the Detroit Police Department. Fax: (810) 766-5427, Bay City: After a hearing, the court held that the attempt was not relevant conduct because the government had failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that it had been undertaken to further the conspiracy. The average game times of 2 hours, 36 minutes are down from 3:03 in 2022. This page was last edited on 15 March 2020, at 18:36. The gang controlled drug operations near Thomas Street and Keystone Avenue on the west side of Chicago. The land (171 acres) was The section of the North Side that is known as the North Pole, from Rogers Park to the Uptown neighborhood, is a large diverse community of African Americans and Latinos who have been either displaced from or relocated from other Chicago neighborhoods and have been making their way into the far North Side since the 1970s and 1980s. They gathered firearms, including an AK-47 assault rifle, to assist in their plans. The black community began to expand first into neighborhoods like Englewood and Back of the Yards, then followed by communities like Auburn Gresham, 95th Street, and Roseland and West Pullman, which both would become known as the Wild Hundreds, an area that became a hotbed for Chicago gangs. He received most of his revenue from drug operations here but was allegedly dabbling in illegal pharmaceutical sales in Nevada too, authorities say. Because, however, the sentencing guidelines derive from national patterns, we have also held that a properly calculated guidelines recommendation necessarily considers the "consistency between similarly situated defendants." As for D.J. So a couple of days later, prosecutors said, a Vice Lord known as Teardrop Thuggish put a Four Corner Hustler in the morgue fatally shooting Marcus Hurley as he left a convenience store near the Vice Lords main drug market at Thomas and Keystone on the West Side. This reasoning reveals that the district court relied on photographs, tapes, testimony from officers, and other circumstantial evidence. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), because the suppressed evidence was neither exculpatory nor material. Marquez testified that Hoskins told him that he was with Martin, Brown, and others following the murder of Hurley and that Brown informed them that he had killed Hurley. Nos. The more you know the wiser you get as a amighty vicelord representative.the nation must grow as whole and come together and worship the almighty lord above us. In 1965, the hospital joined other state hospitals in implementing the Civil Rights Act. WebDefinition of IVL, what does IVL mean, meaning of IVL, Insane Vice Lords, IVL stands for Insane Vice Lords Martin makes two individual claims: (1) that the district court violated the Confrontation Clause and (2) that the district court erred at sentencing by finding that the attempted murders of Smith and Carr aimed to further the conspiracy. He was arrested at OHare Airport that fall as he tried to leave for Nevada. But when Martin, King, and Myles arrived at the place where they planned to kill Smith, law enforcement wise to the plot courtesy of previous wiretaps arrived and forced them to abandon the plan. This was corroborated by intercepted gang member calls. The case is being investigated by the ATFs Comprehensive Violence Reduction Program, which includes representatives of the Detroit Police, Michigan State Police, and Michigan Department of Corrections, in coordination with the FBI and DEA. Evidence showed that the attempted murder was committed to further the conspiracy. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The firearm charge carries a mandatory minimum sentence of ten years in prison. Money Maker Software may be used on two systems alternately on 3 months, 6 months, 1 year or more subscriptions. The defendants proceeded to sentencing. From State to the Lake, the saying that refers to the East Side of Chicago, meaning the boundaries of the East Side expand from State Street to Lake Michigan. James David Jameson , Attorney, Arlington Heights, IL, J. Clifford Greene, Jr. , Attorney, James Dunlop , Attorney, Jones Day, Chicago, IL, for Defendants-Appellants. The Cherry Hospital Museum is located in the Special Services house on the hospital campus. Thats what the former king of the Imperial Insane Vice Lord street gang told a federal judge Thursday moments before she sentenced him to life in prison. When it comes to the North Side Chicago ghetto areas, outside of one of the countrys once most notorious housing project of Cabrini Green, much is not known about the North Side. The population increase caused problems during the 1950s and 1960s with other races of the neighborhoods. Tranquilizing medications were widely used by 1955 and helped revolutionize patient treatment. "We will maintain our focus and remain stead-fast in our pledge to bringing swift justice to all those who commit violent acts against our city." See United States v. Block, 705 F.3d 755, 761-62 (7th Cir.2013) ("We never held that trial courts cannot consider new evidence in sentencing a defendant after making an earlier drug quantity determination for his co-conspirator."). Winds sent visibility to near zero. "The quality of life in our community will remain closely aligned to our successful ongoing collective efforts to remove violent offenders from Detroit's streets.". It gave King an above-guidelines sentence of 230 months. Joliet; N. Center St ; Mafia Insane Vice Lords & Imperial Insane VL collabo.See notes for translations. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995)). The South Side also has a long history of Chicago gangs. S. Robin Shoemaker, Special Agent in Charge of the Detroit Field Division of ATF said, "Countering firearms violence, particularly when it relates to violent street gangs remains one of ATFs primary missions, when it comes to gun violence ATF will continue to work hand in hand with our Detroit One partners to ensure that those individuals who engage in violent criminal activity are removed from our neighborhoods. First, Myles testified at trial that Martin gave him a gun and asked him to kill Carr. The Confrontation Clause renders the confession of a non-testifying codefendant altogether inadmissible in a jury trial if it implicates the defendant. The indictment charged these Vice Lords members with aiding and abetting one another in the shooting of the four family members after firing more than two dozen times at the family. Second, Vice Lords member and codefendant Raymond Myles testified that Martin provided him with a weapon and ordered him to kill a man named Tony Carr. We are pleased to launch our new product Money Maker Software for world's best charting softwares like AmiBroker, MetaStock, Ninja Trader & MetaTrader 4. State police say a section of Interstate 55 northbound and southbound will be closed until Tuesday. DETROIT Six members of the Vice Lords street gang pleaded guilty this week to racketeering and firearms offenses for their roles in the shootings of four members of a family. We have stated that "[e]vidence need only have `some weight' or `tendency' to be favorable to the defendant." Among all the aforementioned gangs, only the Latin Kings have ties to Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations, or MDTOs. There is no known extant listing of all those buried here. 2056, 90 L.Ed.2d 514 (1986). Nor has Joseph Faulkner, the so-called Vice Lord prince convicted separately in December. He ordered the murder of Marcus Hurley based solely on the perceived association of Hurley with a rival gang. It explained, however, that it had become convinced that its initial ruling was wrong and added that it probably would have given Martin the same sentence anyway. During the time of the alleged conspiracy, Martin served as the Prince and Hoskins was vying to be the King. There was blood and a bullet hole on the wall 2 inches from me and a bullet in my friends back, Hemmert posted on Facebook. Given this evidence, we do not think that the district court clearly erred in concluding that attempting to murder Carr aimed to further the conspiracy. On Tuesday, January 26, 2016, Kirshean Nelson, 19, of Detroit, pleaded guilty to one count of RICO conspiracy. Winds sent visibility to near zero. According to the indictment, the Vice Lords is a national gang engaged in a variety of crimes, including murder, robbery, narcotics trafficking and witness intimidation. The belatedly disclosed evidence is simply more of the same, and cumulative evidence does not justify a new trial under Brady. The budget for the See Brady, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. The district court sentenced him to life imprisonment, which was within the guidelines range. United States v. Ballard, 885 F.3d 500, 504 (7th Cir. This software has many innovative features and you can trap a Bull or Bear in REAL TIME! According to the indictment, the Vice Lords is a national gang engaged in a variety of crimes, including murder, robbery, narcotics trafficking and witness intimidation. This case arises from the operations of the Chicago gang known as the Imperial Insane Vice Lords ("Vice Lords"). WebThe biggest mistake Nathaniel Hoskins ever made was returning to Chicago. 's cooperation does not undermine confidence in the district court's conclusion that the Vice Lords satisfied this definition: the gang had a sustained hierarchy that persisted over a ten-year period and its members worked toward common objectives. An official website of the United States government. 225. The indictment charges that, from 2011 through 2015, the defendants trafficked in controlled substances, including marijuana, Xanax, and ecstasy, at locations around the Detroit metropolitan area, including in Detroit and at Northland Mall in Southfield, Michigan. We start with the attempted murder of Smith. 2010) ("Without any justification for why one co-conspirator is responsible for a greater quantity of drugs than his fellow co-conspirators, such a discrepancy in factual findings is clearly erroneous."). But prosecutors allege Hoskins managed to live in Las Vegas and return to Chicago to oversee the Vice Lords, which had long warred with the Four Corner Hustlers over territory divided by Pulaski. United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. The court did so here. Before us, the defendants jointly make one argument: that the district court erred in denying them a new trial to remedy the alleged Brady violation. A major milestone was reached in 1973 when Cherry Hospital was accredited for the first time by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. Neither the defendants' joint claim nor either of Martin's individual claims warrants reversing the district court. The bed capacity for the hospital when established was seventy-six but over one hundred patients were crowded into the facility by Christmas of 1880. OS Supported: Windows 98SE, Windows Millenium, Windows XP (any edition), Windows Vista, Windows 7 & Windows 8 (32 & 64 Bit). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); *Make Sure To Leave a Comment Below, especially if missing or wrong. Federal prosecutors said Hoskins fled to Las Vegas to avoid prosecution for the 1993 murder of Jerome Luscious in Chicago. While in the South Side Chicago hoods along 83rd, 87th, and 95th streets the Black P. Stones have had a dominant presence since the 1970s. It is estimated that there are well over 3000 people buried on the grounds. Finally, evidence showed that Martin and King plotted to kill another Hustlers gang member, Brian Smith. Hoskins was among 33 people charged with participating in the narcotics enterprise in 2013. It is also one of the founding members of the People Nation multi-gang alliance. Federal prosecutors have already convicted the so-called king of the Imperial Insane Vice Lords. Hoskins attorney, J. Clifford Greene Jr., has argued in court papers that Hoskins had two heart attacks and a stroke that made him no more capable of leading a violent street gang than Edward Snowden is capable of leading the NSA.. The question, then, is whether the district court relied on Hoskins's unexamined confession to find him guilty of being an accessory after the fact to murder. Police said Brown was shot to death on June 2, 2012. According to court documents, leading up to the May 7, 2015 shooting, members of the Vice Lords, acting at the direction of Kenneth Smith and others, searched for two brothers that had left, or had attempted to leave, the Vice Lords, as part of a plan to harm those individuals. The biggest mistake Nathaniel Hoskins ever made was returning to Chicago. Federal prosecutors said Hoskins fled to Las Vegas to avoid prosecution for the 1993 murder of Jerome Luscious in Chicago. Martin was sentenced last. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).1 The district court denied the defendants' motions because it found the new evidence to be neither material nor exculpatory. Anyone with any information about Smiths whereabouts is encouraged to call 313-234-5656. Regardless, this evidence does not help the defendants. Citations are also linked in the body of the Featured Case. "These convictions represent the significant impact law enforcement can have on violent criminal enterprises when local, state, and Federal partners combine forces to address the violent gangs responsible for terrorizing our communities," said David P. Gelios, Special Agent in Charge, FBI - Detroit Division. Martin has not been sentenced. Like substantive evidence, "impeachment evidence is not material if it is `merely cumulative.'" For the first eighty-five years of its history, Cherry Hospital served the entire black population for the State of North Carolina. Vice Lords Gang Ranks, Signs, Tattoos & Initiation - InfoTracer WebFBI's list of gangs found in NC. On September 8, 2015, Johnson was sentenced to 35 years in prison. Compare United States v. Garcia, 754 F.3d 460, 472 (7th Cir. U.S.S.G. The defendants also claim that they could have used the new evidence to cross-examine and impeach Pitts and Myles about the gang infighting. Hoskins was sentenced next. 2010) ("A within guidelines sentence necessarily gives weight and consideration to avoiding unwarranted sentencing disparities."). In 2015, Antonio Clark, Aramis Wilson, Tyrone Price, Jonathan Kinchen, Kojuan Lee, Kirshean Nelson, Dion Robinson and Kenneth Smith, were indicted on charges of RICO conspiracy and other racketeering and firearms charges relating to the May 7, 2015, gang-related shooting of four members of a family. Nathaniel Hoskins, Julian Martin, and Torrie King were members of the Imperial Insane Vice Lords, a gang in Chicago. Among those eight convicted defendants was Antonio Johnson, aka MT or MisterTony, the National President of the Phantoms and the Three-Star General over the Vice Lords in Michigan. 3553(a)(6). He told McLaurin that the murder was "some shit we [the Vice Lords] had set up." 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We AFFIRM the judgments of the district court. Even if they could, however, the impeachment evidence is cumulative of what the district court already learned during the trial. While in Little Village, the first and largest gang was the Gangster 2-6 who gained members due to their dislike towards Latin Kings who came from other sections of the city. 600 Church Street If any individual wants to leave gang life, we are here to help them do that safely. I am not a monster, Hoskins told U.S. District Judge Elaine Bucklo. Because Hoskins didn't testify at trial, Martin had no opportunity to cross-examine him. He allegedly said that he put that sh into effect and it went down a boast prosecutors took to mean Hoskins had ordered Hurleys murder. Click the citation to see the full text of the cited case. Only some 700 or so graves are marked with upright brass crosses bearing patient name and dates. That conclusion isn't clearly erroneous. As Cherry Hospital enters the Twenty-first Century, we are keenly aware that treatment of the mentally ill is not a static process. 1990)). Hurley was fatally shot as he left a convenience store near the Vice Lords main drug market a few days after a Four Corner Hustler took a shot at a Vice Lord. Vice Lord King goes on trial. An occupation therapist was employed in 1932 but therapy was mainly confined to the farm, laundry, kitchen and yard work. Assistant U.S. Attorney Scott Edenfield told the judge Monday that all three lived the gang life but were involved in something far more serious. By clicking Sign Up, I confirmthat I have read and agreeto the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. WebComposition:Mafia Insane Vice Lords Member Sets: LMG (Lamon & West End) KMG (Lavergne & Adams) MDubb (Menard & Wabansia) OTA (LeMoyne & Linder) VonnieWorld (Chicago Ave & Central) RMG (Menard & LeMoyne) Main Opps: 2FeetGang (4 Corner Hustlers) TeenMobb (4 Corner Hustlers) The Jungle (Black Disciples & 4 Corner Hustlers) Having disposed of the defendants' collective Brady claim, we now turn to Martin's two individual claims. The firearm charge carries a mandatory minimum sentence of ten years in prison. Boyle, 556 U.S. at 946, 129 S.Ct. Hoskins got on the phone with one of his highest ranking lieutenants the day after Hurleys shooting and allegedly said that he put that sh into effect and it went down.. As a form of protection from white gangs, Puerto Ricans gangs were created due to the harassment they were receiving. He received most of his revenue from drug operations here but was allegedly dabbling in illegal pharmaceutical sales in Nevada too, according to authorities. In Pilsen, there were gangs like the Ambrose, the Bishops, the Satan Disciples, and the La Raza. The indictment alleges that the Vice Lords leaders are located in Chicago, and Detroit, and that the gang is broken down into various "sets," "decks," or "branches," including the Detroit-based Traveling Vice Lords, Insane Vice Lords, Imperial Insane Vice Lords, Conservative Vice Lords, and Mafia Insane Vice Lords. The guilty pleas are the result of the collaborative efforts of law enforcement and the community to reduce homicide and other violent crime under the Detroit One program. Faulisi v. Pinkney, 611 F.2d 176, 178 (7th Cir. But at Martin's sentencing several months later, it reached the opposite conclusion, explaining that it had erred at King's sentencing. In addition, former Vice Lords leader Faulkner had previously made an attempt on Carr's life so that he could take over Carr's drug spot at Division and Pulaski. On November 13, 2018, after a five-day jury trial, Silas, 51, of the Chicago suburb of Dolton, Illinois, was convicted as charged of conspiring to distribute one ; see Rogers v. McMackin, 884 F.2d 252, 257 (6th Cir. In fact, Faulkner was facing charges related to an attempt on Carr's life at the time of the second attempted murder (and Carr was planning to testify against him). "The Detroit One partnership is focusing our efforts on combating gang violence," McQuade said. 476 U.S. 530, 542-43, 106 S.Ct. IIVL - Imperial Insane Vice Lords-- An African-American gang founded in Chicago, Illinois. Gangsta Island: Story of Gary, Indiana Hoods, Map of Philly Gangs (Full Tour of Philly Hoods), Map of Toronto Gangs (Full Tour of Toronto Hoods), Legends of the Streets: City to city Top Kingpins, Gang Leaders, Crews. Following a multi-year investigation into Black Gangster Disciples, Imperial Gangsters and Spanish Cobras are part of the Folks group; Latin Kings, Insane Unknowns and Vice Lords are part of the People category. After he was arrested, Hoskins gave a statement that incriminated both himself and Martin in the murder of Marcus Hurley, and Investigator Marquez related the contents of this statement at trial. Lock The case is being prosecuted by Assistant U.S. 1620. Because the new evidence carries "some weight" in favor of the defendants on these points, they clear the "favorability" hurdle. The defendants contend that they are entitled to a new trial because the government failed to disclose the information about D.J., the confidential informant, before trial. United States v. Ervin, 540 F.3d 623, 631 (7th Cir. IIVL sets have been active in Illinois, Arkansas, and Knoxville, Tennessee. 2017). I am not a monster, Hoskins told U.S. District Judge Elaine Bucklo. Dion Robinson is expected to plead guilty next week on certain charges. After trial and before sentencing, the government disclosed evidence that it had obtained from a confidential informant. He was arrested at OHare Airport that fall as he tried to leave for Nevada. Detroit Main Office B. Vance as ideal for a hospital building because of good elevation in a high state of cultivation and central location for the black population. 9-9-22-12 is another tag associated with this gang. And evidence showed that Hoskins, Martin, and King participated in these gang actions. The Board of Directors sought more appropriations for treatment of the black mentally ill. A separate building was established for treating tubercular patients. Defense lawyers argued the men had no real control over the Vice Lords organization and shouldnt be convicted in the racketeering case. The guilty pleas are the result of the collaborative efforts of law enforcement and the community to reduce homicide and other violent crime under the Detroit One program. In 2011 Faulkner pleaded guilty to two counts of the use of a communication facility in facilitation of a drug-related felony; he was sentenced to a 91-month term of imprisonment. Robinson, Clark, Price, Kinchen and Wilson are in custody; arrest warrants have been issued for the other three defendants. 1B1.3(a)(1). Attorneys Christopher Graveline and Mark Bilkovic of the Eastern Districtof Michigan, and Trial Attorney Joseph Wheatley of the Criminal Divisions, Six Vice Lords Plead Guilty to RICO Conspiracy and Gang-Related Shootings, Serial Carjacker who Shot and Pistol-Whipped Victims Sent to Prison, Detroit Street Gang Leader Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Following Convictions at Trial for Racketeering and Murder. 2018). He led a violent street gang that controlled a neighborhood through terror. Martin also contends that the district court clearly erred by treating the attempted murders of Smith and Carr as relevant conduct at sentencing. After a brief confrontation with family members, Clark opened fire with an AK-47 hitting four victims. The highest rate of occupancy was approximately 3,500 patients. According to the indictment, the Vice Lords is a national gang engaged in a variety of crimes, including murder, robbery, narcotics trafficking and witness intimidation. The ones relevant to this appeal are the following: the district court found all three defendants guilty of racketeering conspiracy and conspiracy with intent to distribute, Hoskins guilty of conspiracy to murder in aid of racketeering activity, and Martin and King each guilty of being an accessory after the fact to murder. 2237. WebThe purpose of this quiz is to test your in knowledge to see if you a real vicelord and you know your knowledge. Torrie KING, et al., Defendants-Appellants. TTD: (989) 895-2501 Groups are welcome and tours may be scheduled in advance. 0:00 / 5:25 Insane Imperial Vice Lords Gang leader given life in prison for ordering rival killed Gang World Blog 108K subscribers Subscribe 106 17K views 6 years The Almighty Vice Lord Nation (Vice Lords for short, abbreviated AVLN) is the second-largest and one of the oldest street and prison gangs in Chicago, Illinois. Before Flaum, Ripple, and Barrett, Circuit Judges. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS These Vice Lord members first met at Kenneth Smiths house to discuss their plans. Anyone with any information about Smiths whereabouts is encouraged to call 313-234-5656. The Vice Lords had long warred with the Four Corner Hustlers over territory divided by Pulaski, according to federal prosecutors. Six people are reported dead and more than 30 people hospitalized. WebOctober 26th 2012. WebAlmighty Blooded Vice Lords (Vice Lord and Blood Gang connection in Indianapolis) Ardwick Blood Crew, Toronto, Ontario; Athens Park Boys (from Avalon Boulevard to He returned to Chicago after the former king of the Vice Lords died and after the 1993 murder case was dismissed, they said. Attorneys Christopher Graveline and Mark Bilkovic of the Eastern District of Michigan, and Trial Attorney Joseph Wheatley of the Criminal Divisions Organized Crime and Gang Section. Nathaniel Hoskins, Julian Martin, and Torrie King were members of the Imperial Insane Vice Lords, a gang in Chicago. Before the rise of Chicago gangs there was only a small black presence on the citys South Side. Lee, which deals with judges, rather than Bruton, which deals with juries, controls. The government also introduced a post-arrest statement that Hoskins had given to Investigator Andrew Marquez, which included information about the murder. On Wednesday, January 27, 2016, Antonio Clark, aka Cheeto, 26, of Detroit, pleaded guilty to two counts of Attempted Murder in Aid of Racketeering, and one count of Use and Carry of a Firearm During, and in Relation to, a Crime of Violence. Among the indicted were the defendants in this case: Nathaniel Hoskins, Julian Martin, and Torrie King.
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