Also, the ratio of women's political participation is low. Solt, F. (2008), Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. The pool of eligible voters has expanded from primarily white, male property owners at the founding to include black men after the Civil War, women after 1920, and eighteen- to twenty-year-olds after 1971. The major criterion remains voting in elections which is consistently somewhat higher than the other measures. Other barriers are structural. 94-99. 1040-1061. For example, political participation includes So, the voting was in favor of male students. The main reason for voting in the elections according to regional affiliation was practicing the constitutional right. with (43.7 per cent) for the (Jordanians). New media offer additional opportunities for people to engage in campaigns. It has been argued that there is a positive correlation between these two processes and the political participation. (1995), Lawless and Fox (2001) that concluded that wealth, welfare and money affected political participation process. According to conventional wisdom, education is supposed to increases civic skills and political knowledge that functions as the causal mechanisms triggering Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). 102 No. 2. Webinterest group. Social environment 3. WebVCU Scholars Compass | Virginia Commonwealth University Research WebFactors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. CBS News Report on the Rodney King Incident. People can act alone by writing letters to members of Congress or staging acts of civil disobedience. elections, according to the decision in Citizens United v. depends on the situation and if the other sex is open minded, American political ideologies and beliefs. ATOMIC Hot Links Los Angeles three day shoot CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. (Nahar, 2012, p. 122). Registered voters meet eligibility requirements and have filed the necessary paperwork that permits them to vote in a given locality. Cf. They can create and post videos on behalf of or opposed to candidates. This practice excludes almost 4 million people from the voting rolls (Human Rights Watch and the Sentencing Project, 2000). 48-60. Voting is the most prominent form of political participation. In addition, ethnic groups feel that they are marginalized within society, and they do not receive adequate political attention, So, they are reluctant to participate in voting. So, the research problem is concerned with examining the impact of social and economic factors (gender, age, family Income, and regional affiliation) on voting of Jordanian university students in the elections. (2003), Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Journal of Politics, Vol. It was noted that the number of students (Palestinians) who have the right to vote was a total of (438) including (254) participated in the voting with (58 per cent) in the same category. Although the youth represent the largest number in these countries, their voting in elections is very poor. The more the age varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of older students. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that the number of students with family income (500 dinars) was of a total number of (484) including (233) participated in the voting with (48.1 per cent) in the same category. The law allowed all males and females as of 18years old to vote in elections (Article 3). Prohibited Content 3. Midterm elections, in which members of Congress run for office in nonpresidential-election years, normally draw about one-third of eligible voters (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). Therefore, this study examines the factors affecting the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, focusing on some social and economic factors and examining the reasons for voting or not voting, which relates to the performance of the elected councils and the effectiveness of their members. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors 299-310. Social, cultural, and economic factors can keep people from voting. States argue that their legal authority to deny convicted felons voting rights derives from the Fourteenth Amendment, which stipulates that voting rights of individuals guilty of participation in rebellion, or other crime can be denied. Lawless, J.L. Direct link to taylor512's post can these political belie, Posted 3 years ago. People have many options for engaging in politics. People with higher education are more likely to participate People can take part in social movements in which large groups of individuals with shared goals work together to influence government policies. Lawless, J.L. Bernstein, A.G. (2005), Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Journal of Sex Roles, Vol. What is the probability of the child becoming a strong democrat or strong republican? 53 No. There has been a steady increase in turnout since the 2000 presidential election, in which 51 percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot. Some barriers to voting are informal. People who have a strong sense of political efficacy, are People take part in support activities on behalf of a cause, which can lead to greater involvement. Not filmed at all was an intoxicated King driving erratically, leading police on an eight-mile, high-speed chase through crowded streets. This, in turn, increases their political participation (Leigh, 2018, p. 9). The reason for not choosing private universities was that they were limited to high-income students. Some people may refuse to say the pledge of allegiance to express their dissatisfaction with government. The sample was chosen from the youth segment because they were the most numerous in the Jordanian society, as well as the fact that the sample was more accessible in terms of data collection and distribution of the questionnaire. The directive to write your member of Congress is taken seriously by increasing numbers of citizens: legislators e-mail boxes are filled daily, and millions of letters are processed by the Capitol Hill post offices. Political scientists have determined that presidential election turnout is underestimated on average by 4 percent, which translates into hundreds of thousands of votes (Flanigan & Zingale, 1999). Image Guidelines 5. The ratio of participation for young people is low, because of their different interests in political activities. They suffer from bad social and economic conditions because most of the wealth and resources are concentrated in the hands of businessmen. WebHowever, this desired impact can be impeded by a variety of factors, including a lack of political incentives or limited state capacity to implement these mechanisms. 1. A significant aspect of the relation of the individual to his/her political environment is his/her exposure to the influence of propaganda. TOS 7. The more the family income varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. To ensure representation of women in Parliament, a quota of 15 seats was allocated for women in the 2016 Parliament, To promote the empowerment of Jordanian women by granting them more social, economic and political rights, and supporting their political participation (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). Al-Mohammad, S.M. 4, pp. Thus, there was a gender gap between Jordanian university male and female universities students' voting in national and local elections. Third: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students, as there were differences in the voting ratio in the elections according to the level of family income. In addition, they did not get high quality public services. (2012), The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. However,thereareotherswho 25 No. The democratic transition in Jordan started in 1980. They pointed out that the political participation of females has always been less than males. There is no consensus among scholars whether to include in its definition illegal as well as legal activity, unsuccessful and successful attempts of influence and involuntary as well as voluntary action. WebThere are many social factors that affect the political attitude and behavior of the individual in this frame. Turnout in states that have Election Day registration averages ten points higher than in the rest of the country (Wolfinger & Rosenstone, 1980). As female students voting was low. These universities do not represent all segments of Jordanian society. [1] Following the 2008 election, RTV lobbied the Obama administration to institute fully automated online voter registration nationally. 65 No. Political participation of females in most societies is less than that of males, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. A majority of lower-class persons generally vote for the left parties while the majority of the upper and middle class persons vote for the rightist parties. 3, pp. A Purposive sample was taken from the three universities, (300) students per university (150 males and 150 females). This, in turn, made women lose interest in political issues, events, and party activities. University. The Watts riots in 1965 were the first of a number of civil disturbances in American cities. The United States is one of the few democracies that requires citizens to register themselves rather than having the government take responsibility for automatically registering them. Brady, H.E., Verba, S. and Schlozman, K.L. Huntington, S. and Nelson, J. Level of modernization and urbanization 5. Beauregard, K. (2014), Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. Webeducation, to political participation and to livelihoods, among other rights being bluntly violated. They concluded that the social and economic factors such as (gender, age, education, place of residence, family, tribal affiliation, unemployment, income, poverty, economic growth, social relationships, and regional affiliation) affected political participation, especially voting in elections. The original and the edited tape tell two different stories of the same event. Posted 6 months ago. Participation in the 2008 presidential election was greater than usual, as people were motivated by the open race and the candidate choices. 617-634. It not only stimulates political learning but also makes citizens responsible. In addition, unemployment high rate of female makes them reluctant to vote in elections (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 574). Symbolic acts are not always supportive of the political system. As one would expect, those with higher levels of education and income are the most likely to contribute. The total number of students in the three universities was (177,516) students. 37, pp. 73 No. Direct mail appeals by single-issue groups for contributions aimed especially at more affluent Americans are targeted methods of mobilizing people. Twitter, a social messaging platform that allows people to provide short updates in real time, has been used to convey eyewitness reports of protests worldwide. Maybe you coach a little league team, visit seniors at a nursing home, or work at a homeless shelter. Human Rights Watch and the Sentencing Project, Losing the Vote: The Impact of Felony Disenfranchisement Laws (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2000). Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of the Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the regional affiliation. Campaign activities 9. (1995) noted that inequality in the distribution of incomes affects, political participation, such inequality makes the poor reluctant to vote in elections. These characteristics influence how Race relations in Los Angeles in 1991 were strained. Political participation is the knowledge and behavior involved in political activities (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). This article concludes that people have different voting that publics political participation is decreasing from 2004 to 2014. Potential candidates for public office must gather signatures on a petition before their names can appear on the ballot. 118-133. (2013), What does political mean to you?, Political Behavior, Vol. It was made clear to the participants that their participation was voluntary, that their decision to take part in the study would not affect their routine care and that they were free to withdraw from the study at any point during the process. Students advertised campus election events on social media sites, such as candidate rallies and voter registration drives, which drew large crowds. Linda McMahonterm-1. In addition, some women's organizations (Arab Women's Union) demanded more equality, freedom, and education for Jordanian women (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). Copyright 10. Verba, S. and Nie, N. (1978), Participation and Political Equality, University Press, Cambridge. People can vote for representatives, who make policies that will determine how much they have to pay in taxes and who will benefit from social programs. Moreover, the law determines a quota of 15 seats for women in Parliament (Article 8). Letters and phone calls almost always receive some kind of a response from members of Congress. Introduction. Voter turnout levels have hovered around 40 percent in the past three midterm elections. People salute the flag and recite the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of a school day, and they sing the national anthem at sporting events. After Arab Spring revolutions had broken out in the late 2010s, peaceful demonstrations and protests began in Jordan. Jacobson, G. C., The Politics of Congressional Elections (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). Disclaimer 9. The present study focuses on four factors: gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation. Second: The more the age varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of older students. Such factors are political exposure, political efficacy, education, income, gender, political interest, political culture, political parties, and religious beliefs. Finally, the voting gap in the elections was due to political, social, economic reasons such as ineffectiveness of the national and local councils' performance, inefficiency of candidates of these councils, political alienation, the difficulty to access public services, inequality in distribution of income, absence of political socialization, the feeling of inequality with men in education and employment. Roth, S. and Saunders, C. (2019), Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Journal of Sociology, Vol. Fifty-four people were killed and two thousand were wounded. Some studies concluded that the difference in age between individuals affects political participation as the ratio of political participation between young and older people is high (Pyeatt and Yanus, 2018, p. 189). Over 25 percent of the public gave money to a cause and 17 percent contributed to a presidential candidate in 2008 (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2008). In addition to the requirement that voters must be eighteen years of age, states can enforce residency requirements that mandate the number of years a person must live in a place before being eligible to vote. Therefore, the present study focuses on the voting of students of Jordanian universities. The research analysis reveals that, lack of political knowledge and adequate education, youth political interest and apathy, economy, socio-centrism attitude and familys pressure, fear, partisan attachment and the incumbent government performances, age and the existing institutional structures of Democracy are the major factors affecting the
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